孙康,肖笑,石红信,符成学,内田成明

• 1:龙门实验室
• 2:河南科技大学材料科学与工程学院
• 3:中国船舶集团有限公司第七二五研究所
• 4:大阪大学接合科学研究所

摘要(Abstract)：

电弧增材制造是一种高效、低成本增材制造技术，然而，电弧增材制造较高的残余应力会对增材零件的性能产生不利影响，因此，深入研究电弧增材制造过程中残余应力的形成机制、分布特性及其影响规律对于优化制造工艺、提升增材零件的性能至关重要。利用Abaqus软件建立了接近实际的钛合金电弧增材单道多层直壁零件的几何模型，通过数值模拟的方法，模拟了钛合金多层电弧增材过程中的温度场和残余应力场的分布。结果表明：随着增材层数的增加，熔池最高温度增加，冷却速率下降，在增材开始处和结束处出现残余应力集中；同时，由于增材重熔作用导致的应力释放效应，增材层数的增加会降低应力集中。

关键词(KeyWords)： 钛合金;增材制造;温度;残余应力;数值模拟

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 河南省科技研发计划联合基金项目(222103810035);; 龙门实验室前沿探索课题(LMQYTSKT004);; 河南省本科高校青年骨干教师(2023GGJS044);; 河洛青年人才托举工程(2023HLTJ06)

作者(Author): 孙康,肖笑,石红信,符成学,内田成明

DOI: 10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2024-0257

参考文献(References)：

• [1] Rodrigues T A,Duarte V,Miranda R M,et al.Current status and perspectives on wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)[J].Materials,2019,12(7):1121.
• [2] 熊江涛，耿海滨，林鑫，等.电弧增材制造研究现状及在航空制造中应用前景[J].航空制造技术，2015(Z2):80-85.XIONG Jiang-tao,GENG Hai-bin,LIN Xin,et al.Research status of wire and arc additive manufacture and its application in aeronautical manufacturing[J].Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology,2015(Z2):80-85.
• [3] 李雷，于治水，张培磊，等.TC4钛合金电弧增材制造叠层组织特征[J].焊接学报，2018,39(12):37-43+130.LI Lei,YU Zhi-shui,ZHANG Pei-lei,et al.Microstructural characteristics of wire and arc additive layer manufacturing of TC4 components[J].Transactions of the China Welding Institution,2018,39(12):37-43+130.
• [4] Li C,Liu Z Y,Fang X Y,et al.Residual stress in metal additive manufacturing[J].Procedia CIRP,2018,71:348-353.
• [5] 王明宇.增材制造TC4钛合金裂纹扩展特性的研究[D].沈阳：东北大学，2018.WANG Ming-yu.Study on properties of addictive manufactured TC4 titanium alloy crack propagation[D].Shenyang:Northeastern University,2018.
• [6] Mondal K A,Biswas P,Bag S.Prediction of welding sequence induced thermal history and residual stresses and their effect on welding distortion[J].Welding in the World,2017,61(4):711-721.
• [7] 宗培，曾宏军，彭飞.焊接过程对焊接残余应力及残余变形的影响[J].海军工程大学学报，2002,14(4):77-80.ZONG Pei,ZENG Hong-jun,PENG Fei.Effect of welding procedure on welding residual stress and strain[J].Journal of Naval University of Engineering,2002,14(4):77-80.
• [8] Kamble A G,Venkata Rao R.Effects of process parameters and thermo-mechanical simulation of gas metal arc welding process[J].International Journal of Modelling and Simulation,2016,36(4):170-182.
• [9] Mukherjee T,Zhang W,DebRoy T.An improved prediction of residual stresses and distortion in additive manufacturing[J].Computational Materials Science,2017,126:360-372.
• [10] Mukherjee T,Wei H L,De A,et al.Heat and fluid flow in additive manufacturing—Part I:Modeling of powder bed fusion[J].Computational Materials Science,2018,150:304-313.
• [11] Mukherjee T,Wei H L,De A,et al.Heat and fluid flow in additive manufacturing-Part II:Powder bed fusion of stainless steel,and titanium,nickel and aluminum base alloys[J].Computational Materials Science,2018,150:369-380.
• [12] 韩文涛，林健，雷永平，等.不同层间停留时间下电弧增材制造2Cr13薄壁件热力学行为[J].焊接学报，2019,40(12):47-52.HAN Wen-tao,LIN Jian,LEI Yong-ping,et al.Thermal-stress analysis of wire-arc additive manufacturing 2Cr13 parts with different interlayer idle time[J].Transactions of the China Welding Institution,2019,40(12):47-52.
• [13] Lei Y,Xong J,Li R.Effect of inter layer idle time on thermal behavior for multi-layer single-pass thin-walled parts in GMAW-based additive manufacturing[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2018,96(1/4):1355-1365.
• [14] Zhao H,Zhang G,Yin Z,et al.A 3D dynamic analysis of thermal behavior during single-pass multi-layer weld-based rapid prototyping[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2011,211(3):488-495.
• [15] Zhao H,Zhang G,Yin Z,et al.Three-dimensional finite element analysis of thermal stress in single-pass multi-layer weld-based rapid prototyping[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2012,212(1):276-285.
• [16] Vastola G,Zhang G,Pei Q,et al.Controlling of residual stress in additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V by finite element modeling[J].Additive Manufacturing,2016,12:231-239.
• [17] Gibmeier J,Nobre J P,Scholtes B.Residual stress determination by the hole drilling method in the case of highly stressed surface layers[J].Journal of the Society of Materials Science,Japan,2004,53(3):21-25.
• [18] 陈才善.残余应力测试——小孔释放法[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社，1991.
• [19] 陆才善，侯德门.高残余应力钻孔法测量[J].机械强度，1988(1):34-38.CHEN Cai-shan,HOU De-men.Measuring high level residual stress by the hole drilling method[J].Journal of Mechanical Strength,1988(1):34-38.
• [20] 庄茁.基于ABAQUS的有限元分析和应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2009.
• [21] Wang J,Ueda Y,Murakawa H,et al.Improvement in numerical accuracy and stability of 3-D FEM analysis in welding[J].Welding Journal,1996,75(4):129-134.
• [22] Vong P K,Rodger D.Coupled electromagnetic-thermal modeling of electrical machines[J].IEEE transactions on Magnetics,2003,39(3):1614-1617.
• [23] Goldak J,Chakravarti A,Bibby M.A new finite element model for welding heat sources[J].Metallurgical Transactions B,1984,15:299-305.
• [24] 张悟童.电弧熔丝增材制造熔池特性及堆积成形机理研究[D].北京：中国石油大学，2023.ZHANG Wu-tong.Research on the melt pool behavior and deposition forming mechanism of wire arc additive manufacturing[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum,2023.
• [25] Withers P J,Turski M,Edwards L,et al.Recent advances in residual stress measurement[J].International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping,2008,85(3):118-127.

文章评论(Comment)：